French beans (Phaseolus vulgaris L.) are crops grown mainly due to their nutritional benefits. The irrigation methods and soil amendments aid in amelioration of salt-affected soils as well as improving the productivity of crops. The experimental site was located in Kabaa irrigation scheme in Machakos County. The study was carried out in two consecutive seasons during the short rains (October-December 2021) and the long rains (March-May 2022). This study evaluated the effects of irrigation and soil amendments

on the growth, yield and quality of French beans. The experiment was set up in a Randomized Complete Block Design (RCBD) in a split plot arrangement with the main plots (basin and furrow irrigation) and the sub-plots (gypsum + farmyard, fertium non-salt, vermicompost, control, and farmyard manure) replicated thrice. The data collected was subjected to Analysis of Variance (ANOVA) using R-Software 2023, version 4.0.3. Where significant differences were observed, means were separated using the Least

Significance Difference (LSD) at a 5% level of significance. The findings from this current research indicate that in terms of the soil amendments, gypsum and farmyard blend resulted in the maximum plant height (67.80cm), pod length (15.97) and pod dry weight (0.41g). Furrow irrigation resulted in the lowest mean values of the parameters in season one and season two. The findings reveal that gypsum + farmyard and basin irrigation contributed to significant improvements in growth, yield and quality of French beans. The study therefore recommends the adoption of gypsum + farmyard mixture and basin irrigation method in boosting French bean productivity by farmers. The policy makers can propose to farmers the soil amendments for sustainable saline soil management.

The study was conducted in the month of January during the year 2022-23 at G. B Pant University of Agriculture and Technology, Pantnagar, Uttarakhand, India (29° 02’ 60.00” N, 79° 30’ 59.99” E). In this machine a screw conveyor metering mechanism was developed for disposed the manure into the subsoil. Hence a mechanism was designed which could mixed the vermicompost properly and then disposed it in correct ratio So a screw flight of pitch 90 mm and a thickness of screw of 3 mm was welded over the

solid shaft. The length of the shaft was 1800 mm with a pitch angle of 290. The metering mechanism was evaluated for three screw flight outer diameters ( 96, 106, and 116 mm) were selected and tested in the workshop for performance evaluation of screw mechanism at four different moisture contents (13,21, 31, and 43%) respectively. Therefore, the result pertained that for handling of vermicompost manure at a discharge rate of 10 t ha-1, the screw conveyor flight of outer diameter 116 mm, vermicompost moisture of

43 % (dry basis) and the tractor forward speed was normally maintained between 2.0 to 3.0 km h-1 were recommended respectively. In the field evaluation, the average width of operation, row to row spacing, depth of operation, field capacity, and field efficiency were 1.2 m, 0.2 m, 0.1 m, 0.4 ha h-1, 81.17% at 3 km h-1. The developed machine was found suitable for placing the manure in row at certain depth.

Jute (Corchorus spp.) is considered as the main cash crop in the history of Bengal and second most important natural fibre crop in the world next to cotton. It is becoming popular in the textile industry as a replacement for synthetic fibres. However, despite improvements in production technique, jute yields have been steadily declining in recent decades due to unavailability of sustainable, promising varieties, and yield complexity of any crop, which is greatly influenced by a number of genetic factors and

environmental fluctuations. Keeping this in view, a field experiment was carried out at the Instructional Farm, School of Agriculture and Allied Sciences, The Neotia University to study the performance of few capsularis jute varieties in the coastal region of South Bengal during the pre-kharif season of 2023. The soil of the experimental field was fine textured clay type, having 213.6 kg/ha available N, 22.08 kg/ha available P₂O₅, 312.26 kg/ha available K₂O and 0.46 % organic carbon. Experiment was conducted in Randomized Complete Block Design and the treatments were comprised of six capsularis jute varieties namely JRC 9057,

JRC 80, JRC 517, JRC 532, Monalisa and JRCJ 11. Results revealed that there was statistically significant variation in crop growth parameters and yield attributes under JRC 9057 during the study period. JRC 9057 resulted in maximum plant height, leaf plant^-1 and aerial dry biomass at harvest. Furthermore, JRC 9057 outperformed all other tested jute varieties in terms of fibre yield (25.25 q ha^-1), stick yield (66.44 q ha^-1), and harvest index (29.57%) as well as highest profitable return. Therefore, variety JRC 9057 is the

most economically viable alternative among all other tested capsularis varieties in the region.

Twenty little millet breeding lines along with two checks were evaluated for grain yield and its component traits to study genetic variability, heritability and genetic advance at Agricultural Research station, Vizianagaram, ANGRAU. Analysis of variance revealed existence of significant differences between the genotypes. The genetic variability parameters like PCV and GCV were low to moderate for all the eight traits studied. High heritability was witnessed by days to 50% flowering, days to maturity, plant

height, panicle length and test weight. High genetic advance as per cent of mean was exhibited by days to 50% flowering, days to maturity and test weight, indicating the existence of non-additive gene action controlling the traits.

Grass pea (Lathyrus sativus L.) is a dual-purpose annual legume grown for its seeds for human consumption, and fodder for livestock feeding. But most of the farmers are not aware of proper varieties and proper phosphorus dose of grass pea. Keeping those problems in view a field experiment was carried out at the Instructional farm, School of Agriculture and Allied Sciences, The Neotia University, Sarisha, Jhinga, South 24 parganas, West Bengal to study the growth and yield response of grass pea (Lathyrus

sativus L.) varieties under varying levels of phosphorus. The soil was a medium-textured new alluvial inceptisol with a loam texture and moderate water holding capacity. Soil characteristics include sand (58.89%), silt (21.64%) and clay (20.03%) in the top 15 cm layer. The soil’s chemical composition includes a pH of 7.43, electrical conductivity (EC) of 0.62 dS m^-1, and nutrient levels such as 368 kg ha^-1 of available nitrogen, 25.75 kg ha-1 of available P₂O₅ and 323 kg ha-1 of exchangeable K and 0.36% organic carbon.

The experiment was laid out in a split plot design, replicated thrice, including four phosphorus levels as main plot treatments viz. P0: No P₂O₅ application, P1: application of 20 kg P ha^-1, P2: application of 30 kg P ha-1 and P3: application of 40 kg P h^a-1 and three V1: Pratieek, V2: Bidhan Khesari-1, V3: Ashutosh as subplots. Results indicated that the highest plant height (48.34 cm), dry matter accumulation (249.06 g m-²), LAI (3.74) and CGR (4.21 g m-² day?¹) were observed with the application of 40 kg P/ha. It also recorded highest number of pods plant-1 (24.51), seeds pod-1 (3.63), seeds plant-1 (90.42), seed weight plant-1 (4.73 g), 100 seed weight (5.25 g), seed yield (13.57 q ha^-1) and biological yield (33.58 q ha-1) were obtained by P3 i.e. 40 kg P2O5/ha. Among the varieties, maximum Pods plant-1 (23.05), Seeds pod-1 (3.69), Seeds plant-1 (85.31), Seed wt. plant-1 (4.33 g), Seed yield (12.42 q ha-1) and biological yield (30.77 q ha^-1) were obtained by V2 i.e. Bidhan Khesari-1. The maximum cost of cultivation (` 42963 ha<sup>-1</sup>), gross return of (` 61065 ha^-1), net return (` 18102 ha^-1) and cost: benefit ratio (1: 1.42) were recorded by P3 i.e. 40 kg P₂O₅ ha^-1.

A field experiment was conducted to assess the effect of sowing dates and varieties on soil fertility and nutrient uptake of wheat crop (Triticum aestivum L.) under sub-tropical conditions. The experiment was conducted at the Research Farm, Advanced Centre for Rainfed Agriculture (ACRA), Rakh-Dhiansar of Sher-e-Kashmir University of Agricultural Sciences and Technology of Jammu-India during the Rabi season of 2018-19. The experiment was carried out for six dates of sowing and three varieties with three

replications. Initial readings for available nitrogen (165.00 kg/ha) were low, phosphorous (13.75 kg/ ha) and potassium (112.00 kg/ha) were found medium in the soil. The soil class was found sandy loam having neutral pH (6.78) and organic carbon with a value of 2.4 g/kg and EC (0.16 dS/m). The soil physicochemical parameters viz pH, EC and OC as well as available N, P and K content of soil after harvest of crops did not show much of variations and thus failed to show any significant difference among varieties

and sowing environments. N, P and K uptake in wheat after harvest significantly differed with wheat varieties and sowing environments while the interaction effects of varieties and sowing environments found to be non-significant. However, wheat variety JAUW-598 removed significantly higher amounts of N, P and K uptake by wheat grain and straw as compared to wheat variety PBW-175. As regards the sowing environments, 31st October sown wheat crop removed significantly highest amounts of N, P and K

uptake by wheat grain and was followed by 15th November sown wheat crop whereas significantly lowest N, P and K uptake by wheat grain was removed by 14th January sown wheat crop and was followed by 30th December sown wheat crop. Almost a similar trend was observed with respect to nutrient uptake (NPK) by wheat straw as a result of differential times of planting.

Agricultural modernization has transformed farming, enabling higher productivity, resource efficiency, and income generation. This study examines the socio-economic factors influencing the adoption of agricultural technologies and their impact on farm income in rural Karnataka, focusing on Surasettikoppa village. The analysis utilized primary data collected through structured surveys and interviews, covering demographics, landholding patterns, and adoption rates. Findings indicate weak correlations between technology adoption and factors like age, education, landholding size, family size, and income, suggesting that socio-economic characteristics alone are not primary determinants. Younger farmers showed slightly higher adoption rates, reflecting their openness to innovation, while education and income exhibited minimal positive influences. Despite these weak associations, the results underscore the critical role of technology in enhancing farm sustainability and income. Medium to high adoption levels among 70% of farmers reveal a positive trend, though barriers persist for others due to lack of awareness and financial constraints. The study emphasizes the need for targeted interventions, including extension services, community-based training, and improved access to a affordable technologies. Stakeholder collaboration and investment in agricultural innovation are essential to bridge adoption gaps, ensuring sustainable growth and resilience in rural farming communities.

The present study investigates the effects of different packaging materials and storage durations on the quality of jasmine flowers stored at 5°C, focusing on key parameters such as browning index, moisture content, and freshness index. Four packaging materials P0 (bamboo basket with newspaper lining), P1 (corrugated fiberboard with PP lining), P2 (corrugated fiberboard with PE lining), and P3 (nylon bag) were evaluated over 16 days. Among these, P2 demonstrated superior performance, recording the lowest

browning index (47.89) and highest moisture content (47.6%) on the 16th day, effectively maintaining flower quality. Conversely, P0 exhibited the highest browning index (54.04) and rapid moisture loss, leading to spoilage by the 12th day. Correlation analysis indicated a strong positive relationship between storage time and browning index (0.891), confirming that browning increases over time, while moisture content showed a negative correlation (-0.776) with storage duration. The multiple linear regression (MLR) model

confirmed the significant influence of these components with higher determination of coefficient of R2 = 0.98 which made them tool to predict quality determination in jasmine flower.

An experiment was conducted with 23 little millet genotypes laid out in randomized block design in three replications during kharif, 2018 at seven little millet growing locations in India. Data was recorded on six agronomic traits to study genetic divergence. The study revealed that genotypes were grouped into nine clusters and the highest inter cluster distance was found between clusters VI and VIII followed by clusters VI and VII. GLM 368 in cluster VII can be crossed with LMNDL-1 and GPUL 6 of clusters VI and

VIII respectively to produce transgressive segregants which after proper evaluations may be released as varieties. Days to maturity contributed highest to total divergence indicating that there was more span in maturity among the genotypes considered in the study.

Maize is a staple crop of significant importance in global food systems, contributing to both food security and economic stability. Optimizing agronomical practices for hybrid maize varieties is essential to enhance productivity, and to standardize agro-techniques for pre-released maize hybrids to maximize yield and profitability the following field experiment was conducted at M block, Agroforestry unit, GKVK, UAS, Bangalore during kharif-2023. The experiment was laid out in factorial randomized complete block design consisting of three factors viz., two hybrids (MAH 14-5 and MAH 15-84), two spacings (45 cm × 30 cm and 60 cm × 30 cm) and three nutrient levels (100 % RDF, 125 % RDF and 150 % RDF) with 12 treatment combinations replicated thrice. Among hybrids, MAH 15-84 recorded significantly higher plant height (220.7 cm), total dry matter production (253.6 g plant-1), kernel yield (7738 kg ha-1) and stover yield (10290 kg ha-1). Wider spacing of 60 cm × 30 cm recorded significantly higher plant height (221.6 cm), total dry

matter production (253.6 g plant-1), kernel yield (8354 kg ha-1) and stover yield (11110 kg ha-1). Application of 150 per cent RDF recorded significantly higher plant height (220.4 cm), total dry matter production (254.9 g plant-1), kernel yield (8259 kg ha-1) and stover yield (10984 kg ha-1). Higher gross returns (` 216744 ha-1), net returns (` 163547 ha-1) and B:C ratio (4.07) was observed in MAH 15-84 hybrid with spacing of 60 cm × 30 cm under 150 per cent RDF.

Disposable baby and adult diapers represent an important product in the journey of modern society, providing an ease of convenience, performance and affordability. A child of one year age, on an average 3–7 diapers are required to be changed in a day. Such products are discarded after its one-time use in comparison to reusable cloth-diapers. Diapers are broadly designed and manufactured for two age groups, viz., (i) baby diapers for age of 2 to 11 years and (ii) adult diapers for age of 25 to 60 years. Diapers are made of three main layers, where the top-sheet is designed to isolate the baby’s soft skin from the wet inner

core. Absorbent layer is made of wood/ cellulose pulp sheet, embedded with super-absorbent-polymer (SAP) or as a separate layer to absorb and hold the liquid. The back sheet is made of water impermeable synthetic polymer layer/ film to avoid any leakage of absorbed liquid. Length and width of a baby diaper varies in the range of 35 - 52 cm and 26 - 31 cm for the size of new born baby to X large size. Maximum volume of liquid absorption by the different diapers are as follows 60, 105, 150, 180 and 210 ml for the

categories of new born baby, small, medium, large and X large, respectively. It is also overtly that more attention is required to the product after its usage to mitigate with post usage unguarded dumping,  burying and burning of soiled disposable diapers. Use of antibacterial fibres, metallic wires embedded in smart diapers, application of natural fibre/ pulp and development of biodegradable super-absorbentpolymer have also been summarized to address some of the current challenges in this area. Natural fibres

like cotton, bamboo and jute could find its application in the disposable diaper making, in addition to synthetic polymeric and fibrous materials.

Rhododendron arboreum is an evergreen shrub or small tree with a showy display of bright red flowers. The name ‘RHODODENDRON’ is derived from the Greek word ‘RHODO’ means rose & ‘DENDRON’ means tree. Rhododendron is the national flower of Nepal and the state tree of Uttarakhand. It is widely popular for the processed juice of its flowers which have gained market popularity as rhodojuice /

sharbat. Various parts of the plant exhibited medicinal properties & is used for the treatment of various ailments. The present review is an effort to give the detailed survey of literature on its pharmacognosy, phytochemistry & pharmacological uses of the plant under study.

Underutilized horticulture crops have not been fully utilized in terms of their potential contributions to food security, income generation, and environmental sustainability. In recent years, various omics technologies such as genomics, metagenomics, transcriptomics, proteomics, metabolomics, phenomics, and ionomics have emerged as valuable tools for studying the genetic and molecular basis of these underutilized crops. The use of high throughput technologies like next-generation sequencing (NGS) has allowed for the rapid generation of omics data, which can be used to explore the genetic resources of underutilized horticultural crops. The advancement of sequencing technology and bioinformatics tools has greatly facilitated molecular biology studies of these crops. By integrating multiple omics approaches, researchers can gain insights into gene functions and networks under conditions of physiological and environmental stress. An innovative and proactive approach to preserving underutilized fruit plants through the application of biotechnological methods including in vitro culture technology, cryopreservation, and molecular markers. This article provides an overview of the current and potential use of various omics approaches in exploring information about important underutilized horticulture crops, with the aim of promoting basic research and accelerating the development of new varieties.

Geosynthetics, synthetic materials used in civil engineering, have revolutionized the way we approach geotechnical problems. This review paper provides an overview of the different types of geosynthetics, their functions, and their applications in various civil engineering projects. By understanding the benefits and limitations of geosynthetics, engineers can make informed decisions to optimize the design and construction of infrastructure projects. As technology and demand continue to evolve, the future of

construction looks increasingly green, with eco-friendly geosynthetics playing a central role in shaping a more sustainable built environment.

Electrospinning has emerged as a transformative technology in textile engineering, enabling the production of ultra-fine nanofibres with unique properties and a wide range of applications. This technique leverages an electric field to produce continuous fibres from polymer solutions or melts, creating structures with high surface area-to-volume ratios, tunable porosity, and potential for diverse functionalization. Advancements in electrospinning techniques, including needleless, coaxial, tri-axial, and portable setups, have expanded their potential, allowing for enhanced control over fibre morphology, diameter, and composition. Such innovations have led to electrospun textiles that are lighter, more breathable, and multifunctional, addressing needs in filtration, biomedical applications, smart textiles, and energy storage. For instance, in smart textile applications, electrospun fibres are being combined with phase-change materials (PCMs) to enable thermal regulation, while conductive nanomaterials embedded within electrospun fabrics are paving the way for wearable electronics. However, challenges remain in terms of scalability, mechanical stability, and production cost, especially as the focus shifts towards industrial applications. Continued research in optimizing material properties, improving fibre strength, and reducing costs are essential to fully leverage the capabilities of electrospinning in the textile sector. This article critically examines the progress in electrospinning technology, its adaptation in textile applications, and future directions for advancing electrospun textiles for multifunctional and sustainable use.

The composition of soil organic carbon (SOC) and soil organic nitrogen (SON) is imperative to soil health in different agroecological zones globally. The proliferation of anthropogenic activities triggers the nitrogen and carbon stocks in soils. This study presents the spatial distribution of SOC and SON in six counties in Central Equatoria State, South Sudan counties. This study sought to determine the effect of pastoral activities on SOC and SON. We collected the soil samples within a 12-14 km radius from specific areas

including congregation, grazing, degraded, water points, and agricultural land. The soil was collected at depths of 0–10 cm, 10–20 cm, and 20–30 cm respectively. The results indicate that land use activities had varied impacts on SOC and SON at different depths. The results showed that the interactive effects of the three sites and land uses differed in soil organic carbon (SOC) under different soil depths, which varied from 0.3 to 5.3%. The grazing area also recorded a higher SOC than the other land use types under 0-10

cm soil depth. The means showed that the SOC in the deep soils (20-30 cm) was lower than the surface soils in all the areas and land uses. The interactive effects of the districts and land uses differed in soil organic carbon (SOC) under different soil depths, which varied from 0.3 to 5.3%. The highest mean SOC of 5.73% was recorded in 0-10 depth in Kajokeji in the grazing area. The grazing area also recorded  higher SOC than the other land use types under 0-10 cm soil depth. The means showed that the SOC in

the deep soils 20-30 cm was lower than the surface soils in all the areas and land uses. The results thus underscore that study areas and land use activity could impact the SOC and SON directly or indirectly.

Cereal crops are the major contributors for the global food security and serves as a staple food crop for majority of the world population. Among the cereals, maize (Zea mays L.) is one of the most versatile and important cereal crops cultivated under various agro climatic conditions. There are various factors limiting the maize productivity in India. Among they agronomic practices like nutrient management and proper plant stand is one of the major factors effecting crop growth and productivity. Under these circumstances, the Nutrient Expert for maize serves as an efficient decision-support system for field-specific nutrient

management in maize. Plant density is a critical cultural practice that significantly influences the growth and performance of maize. In light of this, a field study was carried out at the Post Graduate Research Farm of Centurion University of Technology and Management, Odisha, India. (18.8° N latitude, 84.8° E longitude) during the Rabi season of 2022-23. The experiment was conducted by adopting a split-plot design and it comprised three main plot treatments with different levels of plant population (S1: 66,666

plants ha-1; S2: 83,333 plants ha-1; S3: 11,1111 plants ha^-1) and four subplot treatments with various nutrient management treatments (N1: 100 % RDF; N2: Nutrient Expert-based recommendation (NE) for a target yield of 6 t ha-1; N3: NE for a target yield of 8 t ha^-1; N4: NE for a target yield of 10 t ha^-1). The analysed data of the study revealed that, the highest plant height, dry matter accumulation and leaf area per plant were recorded in 1,11,111 plants ha-1; However, the maximum stem girth was recorded with 66,666 plants ha-1. Among the yield attributing characters, significantly higher number of cobs plant-1, number of grains cob^-1,

weight of the cob, length of the cob, girth of the cob, grains rows cob^-1 and grains row-1 were registered with 66,666 plants ha^-1. The highest grain yield (6362 kg h^a-1), stover yield (9789 kg ha^-1) and biological yield (15563 kg ha^-1) were noted with 1,11,111 plants ha-1 and it remained significantly superior to the remaining plant stands. Moreover, in case of nutrient management, the NE-based nutrient management for a target yield of 10 t ha^-1 recorded the highest values in terms of growth attributes, yield attributes,

and yield of maize. The experiment concluded that nutrient management through NE-based nutrient recommendations for a target yield of 10 t ha^-1 with a spacing of 60 cm × 15 cm can be considered the most suitable plant stand for obtaining better growth, yield attributes and yield of maize under North Eastern Ghat Region of Odisha, India.

Biochar has been known as an effective soil amendment with capabilities of boosting soil moisture storage, increasing soil fertility, and enhancing crop productivity. Biochar also has the potential for industrial use for wastewater treatment, water purification, steel making, building insulation, and air pollution control. The current metadata analysis evaluated the importance of biochar for agricultural and industrial uses and its relevance for use in Kenya. A total of 120 reference materials comprising journal papers, conference proceedings, and book chapters were used. Numerous studies conducted across the globe have documented the positive effects of biochar in increasing available soil nutrients (increased by 28.6% and phosphorus by 2 folds), lowering bulk density by 3-31%, enhancing soil moisture storage by 18-108%, and boosting microbial activities in the soil thus enhancing nutrient cycling. The metadata analysis also showed that biochar can reduce CO2 emissions by up to 33% thereby mitigating climate change. Biochar equally increased maize yield by 32-135% and rice yield by 8.5-10.7%. The review also showed that biochar can play a crucial role in different industrial uses such as wastewater treatment, steel making, and water purification. Some of the main impediments to the adoption of biochar were; the lack of a regulatory framework to govern the sector and the lack of a decision support system for

use by end users.